Environment API for Frameworks
Experimental
Environment API is experimental. We'll still maintain stability in the APIs between major releases to allow the ecosystem to experiment and build upon them. We plan to stabilize these new APIs (with potential breaking changes) in a future major release once downstream projects have had time to experiment with the new features and validate them.
Resources:
- Feedback discussion where we are gathering feedback about the new APIs.
- Environment API PR where the new API were implemented and reviewed.
Please share your feedback with us.
Environments and Frameworks
The implicit ssr environment and other non-client environments use a RunnableDevEnvironment by default during dev. While this requires the runtime to be the same with the one the Vite server is running in, this works similarly with ssrLoadModule and allows frameworks to migrate and enable HMR for their SSR dev story. You can guard any runnable environment with an isRunnableDevEnvironment function.
export class RunnableDevEnvironment extends DevEnvironment {
public readonly runner: ModuleRunner
}
class ModuleRunner {
/**
* URL to execute.
* Accepts file path, server path, or id relative to the root.
* Returns an instantiated module (same as in ssrLoadModule)
*/
public async import(url: string): Promise<Record<string, any>>
/**
* Other ModuleRunner methods...
*/
}
if (isRunnableDevEnvironment(server.environments.ssr)) {
await server.environments.ssr.runner.import('/entry-point.js')
}WARNING
The runner is evaluated lazily only when it's accessed for the first time. Beware that Vite enables source map support when the runner is created by calling process.setSourceMapsEnabled or by overriding Error.prepareStackTrace if it's not available.
Frameworks that communicate with their runtime via the Fetch API can utilize the FetchableDevEnvironment that provides a standardized way of handling requests via the handleRequest method:
import {
createServer,
createFetchableDevEnvironment,
isFetchableDevEnvironment,
} from 'vite'
const server = await createServer({
server: { middlewareMode: true },
appType: 'custom',
environments: {
custom: {
dev: {
createEnvironment(name, config) {
return createFetchableDevEnvironment(name, config, {
handleRequest(request: Request): Promise<Response> | Response {
// handle Request and return a Response
},
})
},
},
},
},
})
// Any consumer of the environment API can now call `dispatchFetch`
if (isFetchableDevEnvironment(server.environments.custom)) {
const response: Response = await server.environments.custom.dispatchFetch(
new Request('/request-to-handle'),
)
}WARNING
Vite validates the input and output of the dispatchFetch method: the request must be an instance of the global Request class and the response must be the instance of the global Response class. Vite will throw a TypeError if this is not the case.
Note that although the FetchableDevEnvironment is implemented as a class, it is considered an implementation detail by the Vite team and might change at any moment.
Default RunnableDevEnvironment
Given a Vite server configured in middleware mode as described by the SSR setup guide, let's implement the SSR middleware using the environment API. Remember that it doesn't have to be called ssr, so we'll name it server in this example. Error handling is omitted.
import fs from 'node:fs'
import path from 'node:path'
import { fileURLToPath } from 'node:url'
import { createServer } from 'vite'
const __dirname = path.dirname(fileURLToPath(import.meta.url))
const viteServer = await createServer({
server: { middlewareMode: true },
appType: 'custom',
environments: {
server: {
// by default, modules are run in the same process as the vite server
},
},
})
// You might need to cast this to RunnableDevEnvironment in TypeScript or
// use isRunnableDevEnvironment to guard the access to the runner
const serverEnvironment = viteServer.environments.server
app.use('*', async (req, res, next) => {
const url = req.originalUrl
// 1. Read index.html
const indexHtmlPath = path.resolve(__dirname, 'index.html')
let template = fs.readFileSync(indexHtmlPath, 'utf-8')
// 2. Apply Vite HTML transforms. This injects the Vite HMR client,
// and also applies HTML transforms from Vite plugins, e.g. global
// preambles from @vitejs/plugin-react
template = await viteServer.transformIndexHtml(url, template)
// 3. Load the server entry. import(url) automatically transforms
// ESM source code to be usable in Node.js! There is no bundling
// required, and provides full HMR support.
const { render } = await serverEnvironment.runner.import(
'/src/entry-server.js',
)
// 4. render the app HTML. This assumes entry-server.js's exported
// `render` function calls appropriate framework SSR APIs,
// e.g. ReactDOMServer.renderToString()
const appHtml = await render(url)
// 5. Inject the app-rendered HTML into the template.
const html = template.replace(`<!--ssr-outlet-->`, appHtml)
// 6. Send the rendered HTML back.
res.status(200).set({ 'Content-Type': 'text/html' }).end(html)
})Runtime Agnostic SSR
Since the RunnableDevEnvironment can only be used to run the code in the same runtime as the Vite server, it requires a runtime that can run the Vite Server (a runtime that is compatible with Node.js). This means that you will need to use the raw DevEnvironment to make it runtime agnostic.
FetchableDevEnvironment proposal
The initial proposal had a run method on the DevEnvironment class that would allow consumers to invoke an import on the runner side by using the transport option. During our testing we found out that the API was not universal enough to start recommending it. At the moment, we are looking for feedback on the FetchableDevEnvironment proposal.
RunnableDevEnvironment has a runner.import function that returns the value of the module. But this function is not available in the raw DevEnvironment and requires the code using the Vite's APIs and the user modules to be decoupled.
For example, the following example uses the value of the user module from the code using the Vite's APIs:
// code using the Vite's APIs
import { createServer } from 'vite'
const server = createServer()
const ssrEnvironment = server.environment.ssr
const input = {}
const { createHandler } = await ssrEnvironment.runner.import('./entrypoint.js')
const handler = createHandler(input)
const response = handler(new Request('/'))
// -------------------------------------
// ./entrypoint.js
export function createHandler(input) {
return function handler(req) {
return new Response('hello')
}
}If your code can run in the same runtime as the user modules (i.e., it does not rely on Node.js-specific APIs), you can use a virtual module. This approach eliminates the need to access the value from the code using Vite's APIs.
// code using the Vite's APIs
import { createServer } from 'vite'
const server = createServer({
plugins: [
// a plugin that handles `virtual:entrypoint`
{
name: 'virtual-module',
/* plugin implementation */
},
],
})
const ssrEnvironment = server.environment.ssr
const input = {}
// use exposed functions by each environment factories that runs the code
// check for each environment factories what they provide
if (ssrEnvironment instanceof RunnableDevEnvironment) {
ssrEnvironment.runner.import('virtual:entrypoint')
} else if (ssrEnvironment instanceof CustomDevEnvironment) {
ssrEnvironment.runEntrypoint('virtual:entrypoint')
} else {
throw new Error(`Unsupported runtime for ${ssrEnvironment.name}`)
}
// -------------------------------------
// virtual:entrypoint
const { createHandler } = await import('./entrypoint.js')
const handler = createHandler(input)
const response = handler(new Request('/'))
// -------------------------------------
// ./entrypoint.js
export function createHandler(input) {
return function handler(req) {
return new Response('hello')
}
}For example, to call transformIndexHtml on the user module, the following plugin can be used:
function vitePluginVirtualIndexHtml(): Plugin {
let server: ViteDevServer | undefined
return {
name: vitePluginVirtualIndexHtml.name,
configureServer(server_) {
server = server_
},
resolveId(source) {
return source === 'virtual:index-html' ? '\0' + source : undefined
},
async load(id) {
if (id === '\0' + 'virtual:index-html') {
let html: string
if (server) {
this.addWatchFile('index.html')
html = fs.readFileSync('index.html', 'utf-8')
html = await server.transformIndexHtml('/', html)
} else {
html = fs.readFileSync('dist/client/index.html', 'utf-8')
}
return `export default ${JSON.stringify(html)}`
}
return
},
}
}If your code requires Node.js APIs, you can use hot.send to communicate with the code that uses Vite's APIs from the user modules. However, be aware that this approach may not work the same way after the build process.
// code using the Vite's APIs
import { createServer } from 'vite'
const server = createServer({
plugins: [
// a plugin that handles `virtual:entrypoint`
{
name: 'virtual-module',
/* plugin implementation */
},
],
})
const ssrEnvironment = server.environment.ssr
const input = {}
// use exposed functions by each environment factories that runs the code
// check for each environment factories what they provide
if (ssrEnvironment instanceof RunnableDevEnvironment) {
ssrEnvironment.runner.import('virtual:entrypoint')
} else if (ssrEnvironment instanceof CustomDevEnvironment) {
ssrEnvironment.runEntrypoint('virtual:entrypoint')
} else {
throw new Error(`Unsupported runtime for ${ssrEnvironment.name}`)
}
const req = new Request('/')
const uniqueId = 'a-unique-id'
ssrEnvironment.send('request', serialize({ req, uniqueId }))
const response = await new Promise((resolve) => {
ssrEnvironment.on('response', (data) => {
data = deserialize(data)
if (data.uniqueId === uniqueId) {
resolve(data.res)
}
})
})
// -------------------------------------
// virtual:entrypoint
const { createHandler } = await import('./entrypoint.js')
const handler = createHandler(input)
import.meta.hot.on('request', (data) => {
const { req, uniqueId } = deserialize(data)
const res = handler(req)
import.meta.hot.send('response', serialize({ res: res, uniqueId }))
})
const response = handler(new Request('/'))
// -------------------------------------
// ./entrypoint.js
export function createHandler(input) {
return function handler(req) {
return new Response('hello')
}
}Environments During Build
In the CLI, calling vite build and vite build --ssr will still build the client only and ssr only environments for backward compatibility.
When builder is not undefined (or when calling vite build --app), vite build will opt-in into building the entire app instead. This would later on become the default in a future major. A ViteBuilder instance will be created (build-time equivalent to a ViteDevServer) to build all configured environments for production. By default the build of environments is run in series respecting the order of the environments record. A framework or user can further configure how the environments are built using:
export default {
builder: {
buildApp: async (builder) => {
const environments = Object.values(builder.environments)
return Promise.all(
environments.map((environment) => builder.build(environment)),
)
},
},
}Plugins can also define a buildApp hook. Order 'pre' and null are executed before the configured builder.buildApp, and order 'post' hooks are executed after it. environment.isBuilt can be used to check if an environment has already being build.
Environment Agnostic Code
Most of the time, the current environment instance will be available as part of the context of the code being run so the need to access them through server.environments should be rare. For example, inside plugin hooks the environment is exposed as part of the PluginContext, so it can be accessed using this.environment. See Environment API for Plugins to learn about how to build environment aware plugins.